Printable ModeIona 1:17
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1:17 Domnul a trimis un peste mare sa inghita pe Iona, si Iona a stat in pantecele pestelui trei zile si trei nopti. A trimis. Sau ,,Pregatise”. Ebr. manah, ,,a randui”. Cuvantul este tradus astfel in Daniel 1,5.10 Un peste mare. Raportul nu spune daca pestele a fost creat pentru ocazia aceea sau daca Domnul a folosit o specie existenta capabila de a inghiti un om. Speculatia in privinta aceasta este lipsita de sens. Specia pestelui nu este identificata. Ebraica foloseste termenul generic pentru ,,peste”. In referirea din Noul Testament la aceasta experienta in Matei 12,40, pestele este desemnat prin gr. ketos, ,,monstru marin”, desi KJV il traduce prin ,,balena”. LXX zice ketos la Iona 1,17. Trei zile si trei nopti. Lungimea timpului cuprinsa in aceasta expresie a dat nastere la multe discutii, intrucat Domnul Isus a declarat: ,,Caci, dupa cum Iona a stat trei zile si trei nopti in pantecele chitului, tot asa si Fiul omului va sta trei zile si trei nopti in inima pamantului.” (Matei 12,40). Se poate demonstra cu usurinta ca potrivit uzantei ebraice, expresia nu inseamna in mod necesar trei zile depline de 24 de ore fiecare, totalizand 72 de ore. Pentru o discutie a problemei, vezi comentariul la Matei 12,40. In ebraica si LXX, v. 17 constituie primul verset al cap. 2. NOTA ADITIONALA LA CAPITOLUL 1 Una din cele mai vechi cetati asiriene a fost Ninive, asirianul Ninua. Conform raportului biblic, ea a fost fondata de catre Nimrod (vezi comentariul la Geneza 10,11). Dovezile arheologice atesta si ele marea ei vechime. De mai multe ori in istoria ei, cetatea a servit drept capitala a Imperiului Asirian. Ea a atins apogeul importantei sale in timpul perioadei imperiale dintre secolele al IX-lea si al VII-lea i.Hr., indeosebi in cursul domniei regelui Sanherib, care a facut-o cea mai deosebita cetate a vremii sale. Din descrierea pe care acesta o face cu privire la asezarea ei generala si cu privire la palatele ei se poate obtine un tablou clar al anticei metropole. Incepand cu 612 i.Hr., cand babilonienii si mezii au distrus Ninive cu desavarsire, cetatea zace in ruine. Chiar si locul asezarii ei a fost uitat pana cand a fost redescoperit pe la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea (vezi Vol. I, p. 109). Ninive se afla pe malul rasaritean al raului Tigru, fata in fata cu Mosulul de astazi. In vechime raul curgea pe langa zidul apusean al cetatii, constituind in felul acesta o protectie in plus dinspre partea aceea. De atunci si-a schimbat cursul, iar acum curge cam la trei sferturi de mila spre apus de vechea lui matca. Doua movile de ruine din interiorul suprafetei Ninivei cuprind principalele palate si temple ale cetatii antice. Una dintre ele este Nebi Yunus, sub care este ingropat palatul lui Esarhadon. Cealalta movila, Kuyunjik, contine ruinele palatelor lui Sanherib si Asurbanipal. Nebi Yunus aproape ca nu a fost atinsa de arheologi. Pe locul acesta se afla un sat precum si mormantul musulman traditional al profetului Iona, lucru care il pune pe arheolog in imposibilitatea de a deranja movila aceasta. Kuyunjic pe de alta parte, a vazut mai multe expeditii. Lucrul pe movila aceasta a fost inceput in 1890 de catre Botta. Parti din palatele lui Sanherib si Asurbanipal au fost scoase la iveala de atunci. In palatul lui Asurbanipal Layard si Rassam au gasit o biblioteca imperiala de vreo 20.000 de tablite de lut, care constituie acum una dintre comorile principale ale Muzeului Britanic. Aceste texte au oferit informatii numeroase cu privire la istoria, cultura si religia vechilor popoare ale Mesopotamiei. Marimea vechii Ninive poate fi stabilita destul de precis, din cauza ca zidurile cetatii sunt clar vizibile chiar in starea lor ruinata. In forma de ridicaturi prelungite, intrerupte de goluri unde fusesera asezate portile, zidurile acestea pot fi vazute de la o mare departare. Lungimea lor totala masoara cam 12 km., iar suprafata de 663,7 hectare incercuita creeaza pe harta infatisarea unui triunghi neregulat si alungit (vezi p. 1002). O prisma octogonala de lut de la Sanherib, care a marit cetatea dupa timpul lui Iona, descrie activitatea de constructie a acestui imparat si numeste 15 porti ale cetatii, 7 aflandu-se in zidurile de la sud si de la est, 3 in zidul nordic si 5 in zidul vestic. In cursul sapaturilor sale, Henry Layard a gasit una din portile de la nord intr-o stare de conservare relativ buna. Poarta era flancata de tauri colosali, pe care el i-a lasat in pozitia lor originala. Vizitatorii inca ii mai pot vedea acolo. Doua movile in zid, acoperind turnuri de paza, ating o inaltime de 18,3 m. Zidul rasaritean, usor curbat, era lung de aproape 5,1 km., cel apusean de 4,3 km., cel nordic de 1,9 km., iar cel sudic de 0,8 km. Zidul, potrivit cu descrierea lui Senacherib, avea o grosime de circa 12,2 m. si o inaltime de circa 18,3 m. Dinspre rasarit, Ninive era aparata nu doar de zidurile sale, ci in plus de diferite diguri de -4 - pamant mergand in paralel, ale caror ramasite sunt inca vizibile. Unii au apreciat ca populatia care traia intre zidurile cetatii se ridica la 160.000 de persoane. Cati locuiau in afara cetatii nu se stie. Multi comentatori au interpretat referirea din Iona 4,11 la cele 120.000 de persoane care nu puteau sa deosebeasca dreapta de stanga ca aplicandu-se numai la copiii mici. Astfel, ei au estimat populatia totala a Ninivei de al 600.000 la 2.000.000 de persoane. Intrucat o populatie atat de numeroasa n-ar fi putut trai in interiorul cetatii, ei au inclus in Ninivele lui Iona ,,cetatea lui Sargon”, acum Khorsabad, la 19,2 km. nord-est de Ninive, si Calah, numit acum Nimr?d, la sud de Ninive, la confluenta raurilor Zab cel Mare si Tigru. Totusi, aceste cetati, desi apartineau Asiriei constituiau unitati aparte, avand propriile ziduri de protectie si propria administratie, in plus nefiind niciodata incluse in Ninive in vechile rapoarte istorice. In consecinta, unii comentatori moderni, care considera ca cei ,,o suta doua zeci de mii de oameni” din cap. 4,11 se refera doar la copii si ca scriitorul se refera doar la cetatea Ninive propriu-zisa, privesc cartea ca fiind o fictiune. In lumina marimii reale a cetatii poate ca este cel mai bine sa se interpreteze cap. 4,11 ca referindu-se la oameni incapabili sa deosebeasca binele de rau (vezi comentariile de acolo). Daca 120.000 a fost intentionat ca o aproximatie a populatiei totale a cetatii propriu-zise, aceasta ar fi o cifra rezonabila, daca facem o comparatie cu Mosulul modern, doar cu putin mai mare pana la expansiunea lui care a inceput incepand cu Primul Razboi Mondial. Afirmatia facuta in cap. 3,3 ca ,,Ninive era o cetate foarte mare, cat o calatorie de trei zile”, probabil inseamna ca un om avea nevoie de trei zile ca sa acopere intreg teritoriul ei umbland in sus si in jos pe ulitele ei, daca dorea sa ajunga la toti oamenii care traiau in interiorul zidurilor sale. De asemenea, textul care spune ca ,,Iona a inceput sa patrunda in cetate cale de o zi, strigand”, din cap. 3,4, nu poate sa insemne ca el a mers o zi intreaga pana ce a ajuns la un loc din cetate unde si-a inceput lucrarea de avertizare. Textul acesta poate fi inteles ca referindu-se la inceputul lucrarii lui Iona si la proclamarea soliei sale in cursul primei zile, al carei rezultat a fost ca ,,oamenii din Ninive au crezut in Dumnezeu.” (cap. 3,5). Mai departe ar trebui sa tinem cont de faptul ca pentru un israelit palestinian, Ninive era o cetate care nu se putea compara ca marime cu nici un alt oras al Asiei de Apus pe care l-ar fi cunoscut. Samaria, capitala regatului lui Israel, cuprindea numai 7,7 hectare, iar nici un alt oras al Palestinei nu era mai mare, cu exceptia Ierusalimului (vezi Nota Aditionala la Neemia 3). Pentru oamenii care veneau din tinutul acela, Ninive care cuprindea aproape 40,5 hectare, era ,,o cetate foarte mare.” COMENTARIILE LUI ELLEN G. WHITE 1, 2 MH 473 1–3PK 266 4–8PK 267 9–17PK 268 Ninive si imprejurimile |
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Special note for ANDROID SmartPhones
I recommend to download PhoneMe emulator for Android from here.
Especially I recommend phoneME Advanced - Foundation Profile + MIDP High Resolution b168 rev20547 from here, or from here.
Then you have to build your application, to transfer the .jar and .jad files on your mobile phone and run using this nice emulator.
1. Install a Zip Utility from Android Market.
2. Install a File Manager from Android Market.
3. Download and install PhoneMe, as mentioned above.
4. Build your application by using Download Multilingual Service or Dynamic Download (zip).
5. Copy the zip file into your Android Phone and unzip the content in a folder, and then write down the path to the unzipped files and the name of the .jad file.
6. Launch PhoneMe from your smartphone.
7. Inside PhoneMe, write to the main window the path and the name to the .jad file, above mentioned. Will look something like: file:///mnt/sd/download/BiblePhone.jad and then press enter.
8. The application will be installed, and next a hyperlink will be available below the above mentioned textbox. On this way you can install as many of MIDP application you like on your Android Phone.
How to install the application in Java Mobile enabled phones
It is possible now to have the Holy Scriptures on your mobile phone and to read
it wherever you are due to the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP)
technology in 1.0 and 2.0 versions, developed for Java applications.
A good advice is to try in the beginning the MIDP 1.0 / 128 Kbytes version, and
progressively to advance to MIDP 2.0 and larger volumes (512 Kbytes or more).
The application is available for MIDP 2.0, MIDP 1.0. You have only to select one
table on the field MIDP2.0 or MIDP1.0, according to the desired Bible version.
Then, you shall make a click on the JAR (Java Archive) file in order to obtain
the software to be installed on your mobile phone.
I recommend you to start with STARTER(MIDP1.0old) edition, then to continue with
INTERMEDIATE(MIDP1.0), and in the end, if the mobile phone supports this thing,
to try to install the ADVANCED (MIDP2.0) edition. Also, start with 128 kbytes
volumes, continue with 512 kbytes, and at the end try the version in one file.
There are cases where the mobile phone requires so called JAD (Java Descriptor)
files. These JAD files has to be
uploaded, on this case, together with the desired JAR files(s).
There are different methods to download the applications in your mobile phone as
follows:
1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone
3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone
4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
5. If none from the above cases are valid
Next, we shall examine each case in order to have a successfully installation of
the software.
1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
If your have Internet access on your mobile phone (e.g. WAP or GPRS), it is
enough to access
https://biblephone.intercer.net/wap/ from the browser of the mobile phone,
and to access the desired Bible version, and then to make an option about
MIDP1.0 or MIDP2.0, and finally to select the desired module (e.g. one or more).
After the last selection, the desired version will be downloaded on your mobile
phone.
Many phones have only this option for installing JAVA appplications.
2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones.
If you don't have access to Internet directly from your mobile phone, then you
shall have to pass to this step requiring to have infrared ports on your mobile
phone and on the computer.
a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from
the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have
to activate the infrared port on the mobile phone and align it with the infrared
port of the computer (preferable laptop).
c. Then a window will appear asking what file you want to send to the mobile
phone. Next, you will select the downloaded JAR file, and after OK, the mobile
phone will ask you if you want to load that file. You say YES and the
application will be downloaded on your mobile phone.
d. Probably, you will be asked by the mobile phone where you want to save it (e.g.
on the games or applications directories). After you made this selection, the
file will be ready to be loaded for run.
The displaying preference can be set inside the application in order to have
larger fonts, full screen display etc.
3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones.
This situation is similar with the infrared case. You have only to activate
Bluetooth access on your mobile phone (check if exists) and on the computer (check
if exists).
4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific
mobile phones.
On this case the steps are as follows:
a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from
the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have
to set up the wired connection between the mobile phone and the computer. Next,
you will start the synchronization / data transfer application and download the
JAR file in your mobile phone. Surely, you will have to consult the CD of your
mobile phone.
c. By this application you shall transfer into your mobile phone the JAR file in
the games or applications directories. Next, you will have to select for run the
JAR desired file.
5. If none from the above cases are valid
On this unhappy case, I recommend you to find a friend with a laptop having
infrared / Bluetooth capabilities, or to buy a data link cable, or to change
your current model of mobile phone.
Unfortunately, some models of mobile phones require only WAP/GPRS in order to
download and run Java applications.
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones. Therefore check the documentation of them and also the page for specific
models.
Why so many versions? Simple, because not all the mobile phones support the
Bible in one file with MIDP 2.0 (the most advanced for the time being).
Multilingual Online Ebooks
It is possible now to have the inspirational ebooks on your browser and to read it allowing you to make comparisons between different translations or versions for a specific language. This occasion is unique, and you have only to browse to the desired author and book.
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