Printable ModeGeneza 39:1
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39:1 Iosif a fost dus in Egipt; si Potifar, dregatorul lui Faraon, capetenia strajerilor, un Egiptean, l-a cumparat de la Ismaelitii care-l adusesera acolo. In Egipt. Avand in vedere ca Moise indica regii Egiptului numai prin titlul general de ,,Faraon” (vezi comentariul pentru cap. 12,15), este foarte dificil sa se faca legatura intre afirmatiile biblice relative la istoria egipteana cu datele si evenimentele cunoscute de istoria profana. Printre cercetatorii biblici care cred in istoricitatea lui Iosif exista un acord general ca activitatea lui din Egipt a avut loc in timpul primei jumatati a celui de-al doilea mileniu i.Hr. Multi considera ca el a slujit sub unul din regii hicsosi. Sub ilustrii regi ai puternicei dinastii a douasprezecea (1991 pana la cca. 1780. i.Hr.) arta, arhitectura si literatura egipteana au fost infloritoare. Economia nationala era buna. Egiptul a exercitat o puternica influenta din Asia de vest pana in nord si din Nubia pana in sud si a facut negot extins cu diferite tari straine. Urmatoarele doua dinastii au fost slabe si au pierdut teren in fata ostilor asiatice care inaintau, ai caror conducatori se numeau pe ei insisi Heqa’-cha’sut, ,,stapani ai tarilor straine”. Transliterarea greaca a acestui titlu in engleza este redata ca hicsosi. Iosif Flavius explica numele ca insemnand ,,Regi pastori”, dar aceasta este indoielnic. Numele diferitilor conducatori arata ca cei mai multi dintre ei au fost semiti, desi cativa au purtat nume indoeuropene. Unii din acesti regi au putut sa-si intinda puterea lor peste cea mai mare parte a Egiptului, in timp ce altii au considerat necesar sa ingaduie conducatori locali in diferite parti ale tarii. De pe timpul Greciei conducatorii hicsosi sunt impartiti in mod traditional in doua dinastii, a XV-a si a XVI-a, care au stapanit Egiptul din capitalele lor Avaris, din Delta, aproximativ de pe la 1730 la 1580 i.Hr. In timpul ultimei parti a acestei perioade, conducatorii egipteni locali din Teba au extins in mod gradat influenta lor peste intregul Egipt, impingandu-i pe hicsosi spre nord. In cele din urma ei au cucerit Avaris si i-au alungat pe hicsosi din tara. Acestia din urma au mai rezistat inca trei ani in fortareata de la Sharuhen din Palestina sudica, dar au fost din nou invinsi si in cele din urma au disparut spre nord. Astfel a luat sfarsit cea de-a doua Perioada Intermediara, dinastia a treisprezecea, pana la a saptesprezecea dinastie care durase vreo 200 de ani. Conducatorii bastinasi din Egipt care au dus razboiul de eliberare contra hicsosilor, Sekenenve, Kamose si Ahmose, au apartinut dinastiei a saptesprezecea. Urmasii lor, puternici regi ai dinastiei a optsprezecea au intemeiat Imperiul, sau Regatul Nou, in timpul caruia a avut loc Exodul. Hicsosii asiatici erau foarte mult urati de egiptenii care, dupa venirea lor la putere au distrus toate monumentele si inscriptiile hicsosilor, cu rezultatul ca se cunoaste foarte putin despre ei. Tot ce a mai ramas sunt numele regilor lor, unele observatii sarcastice despre ei si cateva episoade scurte despre razboiul de eliberare. Argumentatia pentru a-l plasa pe Iosif in perioada hicsosi, este dupa cum urmeaza: 1. 1. Cronologia biblica. Daca socotim inapoi spre Exod din al patrulea an al lui Solomon (1 Regi 6,1) – care este localizat de cronologia regilor intemeiata pe data general acceptata de 853 i.Hr. ca data a mortii lui Ahab, si mergand apoi inapoi 215 ani pana la intrarea lui Iacov in Egipt (vezi comentariul pentru cap. 15,13), pentru a fixa data lui Iosif, ajungem la un timp apropiat de mijlocul perioadei hicsosi. 2. 2. Calul si carul de razboi au fost introdusi in Egipt de hicsosi, fiind necunoscute in tara inainte de invazia lor. Deoarece caii si carele de razboi sunt de repetate ori amintite in naratiunea lui Iosif (cap. 41,43; 46,29; 47,17), activitatea lui in Egipt nu putea sa aiba loc inainte de timpul suprematiei hicsosilor. 3. 3. Afirmatia ca Potifar, capetenia strajerilor lui Faraon, era ,,un Egiptean” (cap. 39,1) ar avea insemnatate numai pe timpul cand aceasta era o exceptie sa afli un egiptean bastinas ocupand aceasta inalta slujba. 4. 4. Este mult mai posibil ca un semit ca Iosif sa fie avansat la pozitia de prim ministru sub regii hicsosi, dintre care cei mai multi erau semiti, decat sub un monarh egiptean bastinas, 5. 5. Avaris, resedinta regilor hicsosi, era asezata in partea nord-estica a Deltei Nilului, aproape de tinutul Gosen. Faptul acesta este in acord cu deductia din istorisirea lui Iosif, conform careia capitala nu era departe de unde se asezasera Iacov si fiii sai (cap. 45,10). Avaris si Gosen sunt separate numai de vreo 25 de mile. 6. 6. Declaratia ca s-a ridicat un rege nou care nu cunostea pe Iosif (Exod 1,8) poate fi explicata cel mai bine prin presupunerea ca referirea este facuta cu privire la un faraon din dinastia a saptesprezecea, sau a optsprezecea care alungase pe hicsosi si, firesc, care ii ura pe toti aceia care primisera favoruri de la ei. 7. 7. Tacerea tuturor inscriptiilor egiptene cu privire la Iosif este mult mai semnificativa daca Iosif a trait in timpul suprematiei Hicsosi, pentru ca inscriptiile acestora au fost distruse in mod sistematic. 8. 8. Inscriptii egiptene ale perioadei pre-hicsosi arata existenta de intreprindere particulara si proprietate particulara a pamantului si septelului. Toate acestea s-au schimbat pe vremea celei de-a doua Perioade Intermediare si aflam ca, atunci cand Egiptenii redobandesc puterea, pamanturile si vitele, cu exceptia proprietatii eclesiastice, erau considerate ca proprietate a coroanei. Explicatia acestei schimbari se afla in Geneza 47,18-26. Argumentele care par sa se opuna plasarii perioadei lui Iosif ca prim-ministru in timpul hicsosilor se vor trata in comentariile care urmeaza. Un egiptean. Reluand firul istorisirii lui Iosif, intrerupt prin inserarea incidentului cu privire la Iuda si Tamar, Moise repeta in esenta ceea ce spusese in cap. 37,36. Singura adaugare de seama este declaratia ca Potifar era un egiptean. Acest lucru pare sa sugereze ca Iosif a sosit in Egipt pe timpul cand nu se obisnuia ca un Egiptean sa se afle intr-o pozitie de raspundere guvernamentala. |
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Special note for ANDROID SmartPhones
I recommend to download PhoneMe emulator for Android from here.
Especially I recommend phoneME Advanced - Foundation Profile + MIDP High Resolution b168 rev20547 from here, or from here.
Then you have to build your application, to transfer the .jar and .jad files on your mobile phone and run using this nice emulator.
1. Install a Zip Utility from Android Market.
2. Install a File Manager from Android Market.
3. Download and install PhoneMe, as mentioned above.
4. Build your application by using Download Multilingual Service or Dynamic Download (zip).
5. Copy the zip file into your Android Phone and unzip the content in a folder, and then write down the path to the unzipped files and the name of the .jad file.
6. Launch PhoneMe from your smartphone.
7. Inside PhoneMe, write to the main window the path and the name to the .jad file, above mentioned. Will look something like: file:///mnt/sd/download/BiblePhone.jad and then press enter.
8. The application will be installed, and next a hyperlink will be available below the above mentioned textbox. On this way you can install as many of MIDP application you like on your Android Phone.
How to install the application in Java Mobile enabled phones
It is possible now to have the Holy Scriptures on your mobile phone and to read
it wherever you are due to the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP)
technology in 1.0 and 2.0 versions, developed for Java applications.
A good advice is to try in the beginning the MIDP 1.0 / 128 Kbytes version, and
progressively to advance to MIDP 2.0 and larger volumes (512 Kbytes or more).
The application is available for MIDP 2.0, MIDP 1.0. You have only to select one
table on the field MIDP2.0 or MIDP1.0, according to the desired Bible version.
Then, you shall make a click on the JAR (Java Archive) file in order to obtain
the software to be installed on your mobile phone.
I recommend you to start with STARTER(MIDP1.0old) edition, then to continue with
INTERMEDIATE(MIDP1.0), and in the end, if the mobile phone supports this thing,
to try to install the ADVANCED (MIDP2.0) edition. Also, start with 128 kbytes
volumes, continue with 512 kbytes, and at the end try the version in one file.
There are cases where the mobile phone requires so called JAD (Java Descriptor)
files. These JAD files has to be
uploaded, on this case, together with the desired JAR files(s).
There are different methods to download the applications in your mobile phone as
follows:
1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone
3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone
4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
5. If none from the above cases are valid
Next, we shall examine each case in order to have a successfully installation of
the software.
1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
If your have Internet access on your mobile phone (e.g. WAP or GPRS), it is
enough to access
https://biblephone.intercer.net/wap/ from the browser of the mobile phone,
and to access the desired Bible version, and then to make an option about
MIDP1.0 or MIDP2.0, and finally to select the desired module (e.g. one or more).
After the last selection, the desired version will be downloaded on your mobile
phone.
Many phones have only this option for installing JAVA appplications.
2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones.
If you don't have access to Internet directly from your mobile phone, then you
shall have to pass to this step requiring to have infrared ports on your mobile
phone and on the computer.
a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from
the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have
to activate the infrared port on the mobile phone and align it with the infrared
port of the computer (preferable laptop).
c. Then a window will appear asking what file you want to send to the mobile
phone. Next, you will select the downloaded JAR file, and after OK, the mobile
phone will ask you if you want to load that file. You say YES and the
application will be downloaded on your mobile phone.
d. Probably, you will be asked by the mobile phone where you want to save it (e.g.
on the games or applications directories). After you made this selection, the
file will be ready to be loaded for run.
The displaying preference can be set inside the application in order to have
larger fonts, full screen display etc.
3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones.
This situation is similar with the infrared case. You have only to activate
Bluetooth access on your mobile phone (check if exists) and on the computer (check
if exists).
4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific
mobile phones.
On this case the steps are as follows:
a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from
the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have
to set up the wired connection between the mobile phone and the computer. Next,
you will start the synchronization / data transfer application and download the
JAR file in your mobile phone. Surely, you will have to consult the CD of your
mobile phone.
c. By this application you shall transfer into your mobile phone the JAR file in
the games or applications directories. Next, you will have to select for run the
JAR desired file.
5. If none from the above cases are valid
On this unhappy case, I recommend you to find a friend with a laptop having
infrared / Bluetooth capabilities, or to buy a data link cable, or to change
your current model of mobile phone.
Unfortunately, some models of mobile phones require only WAP/GPRS in order to
download and run Java applications.
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones. Therefore check the documentation of them and also the page for specific
models.
Why so many versions? Simple, because not all the mobile phones support the
Bible in one file with MIDP 2.0 (the most advanced for the time being).
Multilingual Online Ebooks
It is possible now to have the inspirational ebooks on your browser and to read it allowing you to make comparisons between different translations or versions for a specific language. This occasion is unique, and you have only to browse to the desired author and book.
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