Printable ModeGeneza 11:9
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11:9 De aceea cetatea a fost numita Babel, caci acolo a incurcat Domnul limba intregului pamant, si de acolo i-a imprastiat Domnul pe toata fata pamantului. Babel. Printr-un joc de cuvinte, evreii au unit numele cetatii, Babel, cu verbul ebraic balal, ,,a incurca”. Ar fi fost o procedura ciudata insa, ca babilonienii sa derive un nume pentru cetatea lor dintr-un cuvant ebraic. Vechi texte babiloniene interpreteaza Bab-ilu sau Bab-ilanu ca avand semnificatia de ,,port al zeului” sau ,,poarta zeilor”. Totusi, este posibil ca aceasta semnificatie sa fi fost secundara si ca numele sa fi avut ca origine verbul babilonian babalu, cu semnificatia de ,,a imprastia” sau ,,a disparea”. Se poate ca babilonienii sa nu fi fost prea mandri de un nume care le aducea aminte de punctul culminant lipsit de glorie a vechilor planuri ale cetatii, si astfel au nascocit o explicatie care a facut sa apara ca este o imbinare de nume bab, ,,port” si ilu, ,,zeu” (vezi comentariul pentru cap. 10,10). Cei mai multi comentatori moderni explica istoria construirii turnului si incurcarea limbilor care a urmat, fie ca o legenda in toata puterea cuvantului, fie ca o exagerare grosolana a unei tragedii care s-a intamplat in cursul constructiei turnului templului Babilonului istoric, numit un ziggurat (un templu-turn babilonian cu un altar in varf. (n. tr.)). Contrar faptului ca multe lucrari populare au fost confirmate de arheologia biblica, arheologii nu au gasit nici o dovada ca Turnul Babel a existat vreodata. Chiar tablita K3657 din Muzeul Britanic, care a fost adesea citata ca referindu-se la istoria construirii Turnului Babel si a incurcarii limbilor, in realitate nu se refera nicidecum la acest eveniment, dupa cum au aratat studiile ulterioare si o mai buna intelegere a acestui text. Acela care crede numai acele istorisiri biblice care sunt confirmate de dovezi din afara, va refuza sa creata istorisirea din Geneza 11. Insa, cel care crede ca Biblia este Cuvantul inspirat al lui Dumnezeu va primi ca autentica aceasta istorisire, alaturi de toate celelalte istorisiri biblice. Pasiunea mesopotamienilor pentru cladirea de turnuri semete nu a incetat o data cu prima lor incercare nereusita de a ridica unul care sa ,,atinga cerul”. In tot timpul antichitatii ei au continuat sa cladeasca temple-turn sau zigurate. Numeroase astfel de ruine mai sunt inca in picioare. Cel care s-a pastrat cel mai bine este la Ur, primul camin al lui Avraam. Nu este sigur daca unul dintre templele-turn din Babilon, sau Borsipa a fost cladit pe locul Turnului Babel. O traditie ebraica mergand inapoi pana, cel putin, la inceputul erei crestine localizeaza Turnul Babel la Borsipa, o cetate la 9 mile sud-vest de Babilon. Tot ce a mai ramas dintrun vechi turn din Borsipa, care altadata era alcatuit din sapte trepte, dominat de un templu, este o ruina impunatoare inalta de 47,58 m. Inscriptii de la Nebucadnetar, gasite sub temeliile constructiei, afirma ca el a terminat cladirea acestui turn, a carei ridicare o incepuse un rege anterior. Istoricul evreu Iosif atribuie cetatea lui Nimrod, o traditie care a fost perpetuata de populatia locala in numele lor pentru turn, Birs-Nimrud. Ca toate cladirile babiloniene, acest turn a fost construit din caramida si bitum, iar ruinele prezinta urmele a numeroase trasnete care le-au lovit in veacurile trecute. Aceasta administrare de caldura a sudat caramizile si asfaltul din partea cea mai de sus intr-o singura masa solida. Calatori de acum cateva sute de ani au descris efectele focului ceresc asupra turnului, de obicei referindu-se la evenimentele descrie in Geneza 11. Nu trebuie sa fie uitat totusi, ca turnul de la Borsipa nu a fost construit mai devreme de secolul al VII-lea i.Hr., de Asurbanipal si Nebucadnetar. Chiar daca ruinele lui Birs-Nimrud indica locul primului turn Babel, toate urmele constructiei originale au disparut. Este mai probabil ca vechiul turn Babel a fost pe locul templului-turn din cetatea Babilon, care pe vremuri se gasea pe terenul templului Marduk, pe malul estic al Eufratului. Traditii babiloniene pretindeau ca temeliile lui au fost puse pe vremuri foarte stravechi. Mai multi regi au restaurat turnul de-a lungul istoriei sale, Nebucadnetar fiind ultimul care a facut acest lucru. Acest turn este descris in detaliu de istoricul grec Herodot, precum si de un text cuneiform babilonian, ca avand sapte trepte si o inaltime totala de 76,25 m. Regele persan Xerxes l-a distrus in intregime, in 478 i.Hr., impreuna cu cetatea Babilon. Alexandru cel Mare, planuind sa recladeasca turnul, indepartase ramasitele, insa el a murit inainte ca planul sau sa poata fi adus la indeplinire. Din cel mai inalt si mai renumit templu-turn al Mesopotamiei antice nu a mai ramas nimic, afara de pietrele de temelie si cele mai de jos trepte ale scarii de pe vremuri. Faptul ca de pe vremea lui Xerxes incoace nu se putea vedea nici un turn, in timp ce acela din apropiere, din Borsipa, a ramas in picioare, poate sa constituie motivul pentru care evreii, la fel ca si crestinii, au legat istorisirea din Geneza 11 de ruinele de la Borsipa. |
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Special note for ANDROID SmartPhones
I recommend to download PhoneMe emulator for Android from here.
Especially I recommend phoneME Advanced - Foundation Profile + MIDP High Resolution b168 rev20547 from here, or from here.
Then you have to build your application, to transfer the .jar and .jad files on your mobile phone and run using this nice emulator.
1. Install a Zip Utility from Android Market.
2. Install a File Manager from Android Market.
3. Download and install PhoneMe, as mentioned above.
4. Build your application by using Download Multilingual Service or Dynamic Download (zip).
5. Copy the zip file into your Android Phone and unzip the content in a folder, and then write down the path to the unzipped files and the name of the .jad file.
6. Launch PhoneMe from your smartphone.
7. Inside PhoneMe, write to the main window the path and the name to the .jad file, above mentioned. Will look something like: file:///mnt/sd/download/BiblePhone.jad and then press enter.
8. The application will be installed, and next a hyperlink will be available below the above mentioned textbox. On this way you can install as many of MIDP application you like on your Android Phone.
How to install the application in Java Mobile enabled phones
It is possible now to have the Holy Scriptures on your mobile phone and to read
it wherever you are due to the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP)
technology in 1.0 and 2.0 versions, developed for Java applications.
A good advice is to try in the beginning the MIDP 1.0 / 128 Kbytes version, and
progressively to advance to MIDP 2.0 and larger volumes (512 Kbytes or more).
The application is available for MIDP 2.0, MIDP 1.0. You have only to select one
table on the field MIDP2.0 or MIDP1.0, according to the desired Bible version.
Then, you shall make a click on the JAR (Java Archive) file in order to obtain
the software to be installed on your mobile phone.
I recommend you to start with STARTER(MIDP1.0old) edition, then to continue with
INTERMEDIATE(MIDP1.0), and in the end, if the mobile phone supports this thing,
to try to install the ADVANCED (MIDP2.0) edition. Also, start with 128 kbytes
volumes, continue with 512 kbytes, and at the end try the version in one file.
There are cases where the mobile phone requires so called JAD (Java Descriptor)
files. These JAD files has to be
uploaded, on this case, together with the desired JAR files(s).
There are different methods to download the applications in your mobile phone as
follows:
1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone
3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone
4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
5. If none from the above cases are valid
Next, we shall examine each case in order to have a successfully installation of
the software.
1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
If your have Internet access on your mobile phone (e.g. WAP or GPRS), it is
enough to access
https://biblephone.intercer.net/wap/ from the browser of the mobile phone,
and to access the desired Bible version, and then to make an option about
MIDP1.0 or MIDP2.0, and finally to select the desired module (e.g. one or more).
After the last selection, the desired version will be downloaded on your mobile
phone.
Many phones have only this option for installing JAVA appplications.
2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones.
If you don't have access to Internet directly from your mobile phone, then you
shall have to pass to this step requiring to have infrared ports on your mobile
phone and on the computer.
a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from
the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have
to activate the infrared port on the mobile phone and align it with the infrared
port of the computer (preferable laptop).
c. Then a window will appear asking what file you want to send to the mobile
phone. Next, you will select the downloaded JAR file, and after OK, the mobile
phone will ask you if you want to load that file. You say YES and the
application will be downloaded on your mobile phone.
d. Probably, you will be asked by the mobile phone where you want to save it (e.g.
on the games or applications directories). After you made this selection, the
file will be ready to be loaded for run.
The displaying preference can be set inside the application in order to have
larger fonts, full screen display etc.
3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones.
This situation is similar with the infrared case. You have only to activate
Bluetooth access on your mobile phone (check if exists) and on the computer (check
if exists).
4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific
mobile phones.
On this case the steps are as follows:
a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from
the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have
to set up the wired connection between the mobile phone and the computer. Next,
you will start the synchronization / data transfer application and download the
JAR file in your mobile phone. Surely, you will have to consult the CD of your
mobile phone.
c. By this application you shall transfer into your mobile phone the JAR file in
the games or applications directories. Next, you will have to select for run the
JAR desired file.
5. If none from the above cases are valid
On this unhappy case, I recommend you to find a friend with a laptop having
infrared / Bluetooth capabilities, or to buy a data link cable, or to change
your current model of mobile phone.
Unfortunately, some models of mobile phones require only WAP/GPRS in order to
download and run Java applications.
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones. Therefore check the documentation of them and also the page for specific
models.
Why so many versions? Simple, because not all the mobile phones support the
Bible in one file with MIDP 2.0 (the most advanced for the time being).
Multilingual Online Ebooks
It is possible now to have the inspirational ebooks on your browser and to read it allowing you to make comparisons between different translations or versions for a specific language. This occasion is unique, and you have only to browse to the desired author and book.
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