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Electronic Books / Adventist / Romanian_non-diacritics / Comentarii Biblice / Web / Faptele Apostolilor

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Faptele Apostolilor 15:20


15:20 ci sa li se scrie doar sa se fereasca de pangaririle idolilor, de curvie, de dobitoace sugrumate si de sange.

Scrie. Gr. epistello, ,,a trimite o solie”, ,,a scrie o scrisoare” (vezi Evrei 13,22). Solii trimisi de apostoli au luat cu ei decizia scrisa a conciliului (vezi Fapte 15,23).

Sa se fereasca. (,,Sa se abtina”, KJV). Decizia era esential practica (vezi v. 19). O data cu acceptarea unui mai mare discernamant teologic, chestiunea consumarii de carne jertfita idolilor a fost mai tarziu privita intr-o lumina oarecum diferita (vezi mai jos, la ,,pangaririle idolilor”). Dar, in imprejurarile momentului, decizia aceasta mergea atat de departe cat simtea biserica ca e bine sa mearga. Neamurile nu puteau decat sa fie multumite, intrucat nu li se impunea nici o povara extrema si cei cu tendinte fariseice nu puteau tagadui ca neamurile fusesera cu adevarat convertite. Cerintele stipulate pareau sa fie acceptabile pentru iudeii crestini.

Pangaririle idolilor. Avand in vedere faptul ca exprimarea oficiala scrisa a Conciliului din Ierusalim se declara contra ,,lucrurile jertfite idolilor” (Gr. eidolothuta, [,,lucruri”] oferite iolilor”, v. 29), e probabil lucrul cel mai bun de a intelege ,,pangaririle idolilor” de aici in sensul specific al hranei (si bauturii) care fusese jertfita dumnezeilor pagani. In religia greaca si romana, carnea era prezentata in mod obisnuit zeitatilor in temple. Totusi, numai o mica parte din ea era pusa pe altar. Restul era sau consumat de cei care traiau in legatura cu templul sau trimisa la piata spre vanzare. In ochii iudeilor stricti, o asemenea hrana era pangarita. In felul acesta o judecata atribuita lui Rabi Akiba (c. anul 100 d. Hr) declara: ,,Carnea care e dusa intr-un loc de idoli e ingaduita [a scoate vreun folos din ea], dar aceea care e scoasa afara e oprita, deoarece e [privita] ca ,,jertfe ale mortului” (Misna Abodah Zarah 2,3, ed. Soncino a Talmudului, p. 115). La fel o alta reglementare din Misna (codificata c. 250 d.Hr.) declara cu privire la vinul jertfit unui idol: ,,Yen nesek (vin de libatie) e oprit si face (alt vin) sa fie oprit chiar si cea mai mica cantitate. Vinul (amestecat) cu vin si apa cu apa (descalifica) chiar si prin cea mai mica cantitate. Vin (amestecat) cu apa si apa cu vin (descalifica atunci cand e oprit) desi da gust specific amestecului. Aceasta este regula generala: cu aceleasi feluri (amestecatura e descalificata) chiar si prin cantitatea cea mai mica, dar cu o specie diferita (e descalificata cand elementul prohibit) da gust specific” (Ibid 5,8, ed. Soncino a Talmudului, p. 349). In consecinta, un iudeu strict niciodata nu cumpara carne in piata libera, ci numai de la un macelar iudeu. Cand calatorea, o facea cu kophinos-ul, sau cosul sau in spinare, isi ducea hrana cu sine (vezi Marcu 6,43). Juvenal se refera la ,,Iudei, care poseda un cos si un manunchi de fan ca echipament total al lor” (Satire, III, 13,14, ed. Loch, p. 33).

Avand in vedere acest puternic sentiment iudaic, conciliul a considerat ca e bine sa ceara crestinilor dintre neamuri sa se fereasca de lucrurile jertfite idolilor. Aceasta prevedere ar fi cerut multa lepadare de sine. Convertitul urma sa refuze invitatii la multe ocazii festive, sau daca era de fata, sa refuze a manca. Un om cu constiinta atenta de asemenea urma sa refuze a manca alimente puse inaintea lui intr-o casa particulara, afara de cazul ca era incredintat ca ea nu fusese jertfita intr-un templu. In acelasi timp, restrictia aceasta avea valoare practica de a feri pe crestinii dintre neamuri de ispita de a se angaja in ritualuri pagane, la care gustarea hranei si a bauturii rituale era

o parte esentiala a cultului. Daca nu era de mancat nimic jertfit unui idol, crestinul constiincios putea intelege ca chiar si ritualul de forma de a gusta din hrana si de a bea la altarul imparatului era interzis. Lucrul acesta pare sa fi fost o problema pe vremea scrierii Apocalipsului (vezi Apoc. 2,14).

La cativa ani dupa Conciliul din Ierusalim, restrictia aceasta a intampinat oarecare impotrivire. La Corint, oamenii pretindeau dreptul de a manca ceea ce alegeau si Pavel a admis, teoretic, dreptul de a cumpara hrana din piata indiferent daca ea fusese oferita mai inainte intr-un templu, intrucat ,,un idol nu e nimic”. Dar sustinea restrictia pe temeiul iubirii fratesti si a respectarii scrupulelor altora ( 1 Corinteni 8,10; vezi Romani 14).

De curvie. Ar parea surprinzator la inceput sa se gaseasca o regula morala plasata la un loc cu restrictii care par pur ceremoniale. Dar primul punct din decret era si moral in masura in care era bazat pe porunca a doua a Decalogului. Cu privire la desfranare, Legea levitica era pe buna dreptate stricta fata de orice forma a acestei nelegiuiri (Levitic 18,20, 10-21).

Pacatul curviei, cuprinzand lipsa oricarui respect pentru igiena feminina, era un rau atat de raspandit, incat poate fi considerat aproape o caracteristica a vietii greco-romane. Idolatria si curvia erau uneori unite in cultul pagan. Asa cum era cu preotesele Afroditei la Corint si Pafos, prostitutia era adesea o parte a idolatriei. Omul care participa la templu exprima presupusa lui credinta in zeita astfel adorata. Pacatul desfranarii era ceva ingaduit si chiar ceva obisnuit pentru pagani. Pentru motivul acesta, crestinul iudeu ar fi dorit sa stie ca cei convertitii dintre neamuri intrasera intr-o viata noua si curata (vezi 1 Corinteni 6,15; Apocalipsa 2,14). De aceea la Conciliul de la Ierusalim, crestinismul a facut primul lui pas public pentru sustinerea unor standarde morale inalte, nu numai prin invatatura lui generala, ci si printr-o regula specifica trasata pentru conduita membrilor lui.

Dobitoace sugrumate. (,,Lucruri sugrumate”, KJV). Dovezi textuale importante pot fi citate (cf.

p. 10) pentru omiterea cuvintelor, ,,si de lucruri sugrumate”. In VT nu e o opreliste clara contra mancarii de ,,dobitoace sugrumate”. Totusi, principiul cuprins pare sa fie acelasi ca si cel din interdictia – interzicerea consumarii sangelui. Animalele sugrumate nu ar fi eliminat sangele si astfel ar fi fost inacceptabile ca hrana (vezi Levitic 17,13.14). Declaratia lui Iacov poate de asemenea sa fi fost bazata si pe restrictiile mozaice contra carnii animalelor care mureau de la sine sau care fusesera ucise de un alt animal (Levitic 17,15; Deuteronom 14,21). Astfel de restrictii erau tinute de biserica primara asa cum a marturisit Tertulian (mort c. anul 230 d. Hr.) care, scriind paganilor declara: ,,Rositi pentru caile voastre rele in fata crestinilor, care nu au nici macar sange de animale la mesele lor de alimente simple si naturale pentru ca se feresc de dobitoace sugrumate ca sa nu se pangareasca, datorita sangelui inca neeliminat din trupul acestor animale” (Apologia 9, ANF, vol 3,

p. 25). La fel, o veche oranduire din Biserica Rasariteana porunceste: ,,Daca vreun episcop, prezbiter, diacon sau de fapt oricine din catalogul sacerdotal consuma carne cu sange sau animale care au fost sfasiate de fiare sa fie demis, deoarece lucrul acesta a fost interzis de lege. Dar, daca e cineva dintre laici, sa fie suspendat”. (Apostolic Canon, 63, ANF, vol. 7, p. 504). Vechea traditie iudaica declara ca atunci cand grumazul unui animal era frant, sangele se scurgea in picioare, in asa fel ca nu putea sa fie scos nici cu folosirea sarii (Talmud Hullin 113a , Ed. Soncino, pag. 621,622).

De sange. Interzicerea folosirii sangelui ca aliment a fost facuta de indata ce carnea de animale a fost permisa ca aliment pentru oameni (Geneza 9,4) si a fost adeseori repetata in legea mozaica (Levitic 3,17; 7,26; 17,10; 19,26). Consumarea de sange era socotita un pacat impotriva Domnului pe vremea lui Saul (1 Samuel 14,33). Alimente pregatite cu sange erau obisnuite la mesele atat ale grecilor, cat si ale romanilor. De pilda aceasta se gaseste in Omer: ,,Aici la foc sunt asezate burti de capre, pe care le-am pus acolo pentru cina, dupa ce le-am umplut cu grasime si sange. Acum oricare din cei doi castiga si se dovedeste omul cel mai bun, sa se ridice si sa-si aleaga pe oricare vrea din acestea” (Odyssey, XVII, 44-49; ed. Loeb, vol. 2, pag. 199,201).

Paganii erau obisnuiti ca la mesele lor sa bea sange amestecat cu vin. Iosif, vorbind din punct de vedere al iudeilor din secolul I d. Hr., declara ca ,,sange de orice fel el (Moise) a oprit sa fie folosit ca hrana, considerandu-l ca suflet si spirit” (Antiquities, III, 11.2 (260), ed. Loeb, vol. 4, p. 443). Atitudinea iudeilor fata de interdictia aceasta poate sa fie vazuta dintr-o publicatie atribuita lui Rabi Shim`on ben Azzai (c. anul 110 d. Hr.): ,,In Tora sunt 265 oprelisti si printre toate legile nu e nici una ca aceasta … daca Scripturile va indeamna in felul acesta cu privire la interzicerea sangelui (Deuteronom 12,23), in comparatie cu care nu e vreuna mai usoara printre toate poruncile, cu cat mai mult aceasta se aplica la tot restul poruncilor!” (Sifra, Deuteronom 12,23; citat in Stoack si Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrash, vol 2, p. 734). Prohibirea sangelui ar putea sa fie considerata cea mai usor de tinut din toate poruncile si ajuta sa se faca inteles sentimentul crestinilor iudei de la Ierusalim ca si convertitii dintre neamuri sa ramana la ea. Timp de cateva secole, cel putin in unele regiuni, biserica crestina timpurie pare sa se fi tinut de regula aceasta (vezi mai sus la ,,dobitoace sugrumate”). In acelasi timp, mai ales in Apus, pare sa se fi facut o incercare pentru a prezenta restrictiile Conciliului din Ierusalim ca fiind doar interdictii morale. Astfel Irineu (c. anul 185) citeaza pasajul prezent dupa cum urmeaza: ,,Ca sa le fie impus, ca ei sa se fereasca de usuratatile idolilor, de curvie si de sange; si tot ce ei doresc sa nu li se faca lor, sa nu faca ni ei altora” (Against Heresies, III, 12,14; ANF, vol 1, pag. 435, 436). Dintr-un asemenea punct de vedere ,,sange” era interpretat ca varsarea de sange omenesc, adica, ucidere, e clar din Tertulian (mort c. anul 230, d. Hr. ) care explica: ,,Interzicerea cu privire la ,,sange” urmeaza sa o intelegem a fi (o interzicere) mult mai mult o interzicere cu privire la sange omenesc” (On Modesty, 12; ANF, vol. 4 pag. 86). Vezi Geneza 9,4.


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Special note for ANDROID SmartPhones
I recommend to download PhoneMe emulator for Android from here. Especially I recommend phoneME Advanced - Foundation Profile + MIDP High Resolution b168 rev20547 from here, or from here.

Then you have to build your application, to transfer the .jar and .jad files on your mobile phone and run using this nice emulator.

1. Install a Zip Utility from Android Market.

2. Install a File Manager from Android Market.

3. Download and install PhoneMe, as mentioned above.

4. Build your application by using Download Multilingual Service or Dynamic Download (zip).

5. Copy the zip file into your Android Phone and unzip the content in a folder, and then write down the path to the unzipped files and the name of the .jad file.

6. Launch PhoneMe from your smartphone.

7. Inside PhoneMe, write to the main window the path and the name to the .jad file, above mentioned. Will look something like: file:///mnt/sd/download/BiblePhone.jad and then press enter.

8. The application will be installed, and next a hyperlink will be available below the above mentioned textbox. On this way you can install as many of MIDP application you like on your Android Phone.


How to install the application in Java Mobile enabled phones

It is possible now to have the Holy Scriptures on your mobile phone and to read it wherever you are due to the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) technology in 1.0 and 2.0 versions, developed for Java applications.

A good advice is to try in the beginning the MIDP 1.0 / 128 Kbytes version, and progressively to advance to MIDP 2.0 and larger volumes (512 Kbytes or more).

The application is available for MIDP 2.0, MIDP 1.0. You have only to select one table on the field MIDP2.0 or MIDP1.0, according to the desired Bible version. Then, you shall make a click on the JAR (Java Archive) file in order to obtain the software to be installed on your mobile phone.

I recommend you to start with STARTER(MIDP1.0old) edition, then to continue with INTERMEDIATE(MIDP1.0), and in the end, if the mobile phone supports this thing, to try to install the ADVANCED (MIDP2.0) edition. Also, start with 128 kbytes volumes, continue with 512 kbytes, and at the end try the version in one file.

There are cases where the mobile phone requires so called JAD (Java Descriptor) files. These JAD files has to be uploaded, on this case, together with the desired JAR files(s).

There are different methods to download the applications in your mobile phone as follows:
1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone
3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone
4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
5. If none from the above cases are valid

Next, we shall examine each case in order to have a successfully installation of the software.


1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
 

If your have Internet access on your mobile phone (e.g. WAP or GPRS), it is enough to access https://biblephone.intercer.net/wap/  from the browser of the mobile phone, and to access the desired Bible version, and then to make an option about MIDP1.0 or MIDP2.0, and finally to select the desired module (e.g. one or more). After the last selection, the desired version will be downloaded on your mobile phone.

Many phones have only this option for installing JAVA appplications.

2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone

Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile phones.

If you don't have access to Internet directly from your mobile phone, then you shall have to pass to this step requiring to have infrared ports on your mobile phone and on the computer.
a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have to activate the infrared port on the mobile phone and align it with the infrared port of the computer (preferable laptop).

c. Then a window will appear asking what file you want to send to the mobile phone. Next, you will select the downloaded JAR file, and after OK, the mobile phone will ask you if you want to load that file. You say YES and the application will be downloaded on your mobile phone.
d. Probably, you will be asked by the mobile phone where you want to save it (e.g. on the games or applications directories). After you made this selection, the file will be ready to be loaded for run.
The displaying preference can be set inside the application in order to have larger fonts, full screen display etc.

3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone

Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile phones.
This situation is similar with the infrared case. You have only to activate Bluetooth access on your mobile phone (check if exists) and on the computer (check if exists).

4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile phones.
On this case the steps are as follows:

a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have to set up the wired connection between the mobile phone and the computer. Next, you will start the synchronization / data transfer application and download the JAR file in your mobile phone. Surely, you will have to consult the CD of your mobile phone.
c. By this application you shall transfer into your mobile phone the JAR file in the games or applications directories. Next, you will have to select for run the JAR desired file.

5. If none from the above cases are valid
On this unhappy case, I recommend you to find a friend with a laptop having infrared / Bluetooth capabilities, or to buy a data link cable, or to change your current model of mobile phone.
Unfortunately, some models of mobile phones require only WAP/GPRS in order to download and run Java applications.


Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile phones. Therefore check the documentation of them and also the page for specific models.

Why so many versions? Simple, because not all the mobile phones support the Bible in one file with MIDP 2.0 (the most advanced for the time being).

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Source: Text from read this link, compiled by biblephone2008@gmail.com





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