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Geneza 14:1


14:1 Pe vremea lui Amrafel, împăratul Şinearului, lui Arioc, împăratul Elasarului, lui Chedorlaomer, împăratul Elamului, şi lui Tideal, împăratul Goiimului,

Pe vremea lui... s-a întâmplat. Atitudinea lumii savanţilor faţă de acest capitol este împărţită. Unii l-au acceptat ca pe un document vechi demn de încredere, întemeiat pe fapte istorice. Alţii l-au considerat ca pe o istorisire plăsmuită de un scriitor evreu de mai târziu, în scopul de a-l preamări pe patriarhul Avram. Descoperiri recente au dovedit că împrejurările, limba şi numele proprii se potrivesc exact cu timpuriul mileniu al doilea î.Hr., întărind astfel în mod esenţial poziţia acelora care cred în istoricitatea capitolului. Totuşi, încă este imposibil să identificăm vreun rege înregistrat printre persoanele menţionate în izvoare extra-biblice, deoarece se cunoaşte foarte puţin despre istoria politică a acelei perioade.

Amrafel, împăratul Şinearului. Acest rege a fost identificat, de obicei, cu Hammurabi al şaselea, cel mai mare din prima dinastie, rege al Babilonului. Oriunde în raportul Vechiului Testament este amintit Şinear, acesta este folosit ca o desemnare pentru Babilonia (vezi comentariul pentru cap. 10,10), un fapt care s-ar părea că dă sugestia că Amrafel a fost un rege al Babilonului. Totuşi, este posibil să se vadă că acest Şinear, Sanhar-ul din izvoarele cuneiforme, care se afla în Mesopotamia nord-vestică. Se pare, chiar, că din punct de vedere cronologic este imposibil să identificăm pe Hammurabi cu Amrafel. Cu toate că unii cercetători ţin la vechea dată a domniei lui Hammurabi, cea mai recentă părere este că el a domnit fie în secolul al XVIII-lea, fie în al XVII-lea î.Hr., fapt ce l-ar plasa cu mai bine de o sută de ani mai târziu decât Avram.

Identificarea lingvistică a lui Amrafel cu Hammurabi întâmpină de asemenea dificultăţi. În ultimii ani, au mai fost aduşi la lumină încă trei regi de pe vremea lui Hammurabi, toţi purtând acelaşi nume, Hammurabi: unul din Ugarit, unul din Aleppo şi altul dintr-o cetate neidentificată. Este evident totuşi, că încă nu poate fi făcută o identificare precisă.

Arioc, împăratul Elasarului. Numele Ariuuk (Arioc) este atestat în textele cuneiforme, cum ar fi acela al unui fiu al regelui Zimrilim din cetatea mesopotamiană Mari, în al XVIII-lea secol î.Hr. Deşi acesta nu este acelaşi individ ca regele Elasarului, apariţia numelui Arioc în rapoartele despre perioada de după Avram arată că istorisirea se armonizează în mod adecvat în acea epocă. Acest fapt ne ispiteşte să identificăm Elasar cu cetatea Larsa din Mesopotamia inferioară. În trecut, acest lucru s-a încercat adesea, dovezile precise însă lipsesc.

Chedorlaomer, împăratul Elamului. Un bun nume elamit care înseamnă ,,slujitor al (zeiţei) Lagamar”. Numele mai multor regi elamiţi încep cu cuvântul kudur, ,,slujitor”, precum Kudur-Mabuk, Kudur-Nachunte şi Kudur-Ellil. A doua parte din Chedorlaomer este transliterarea ebraică a numelui zeiţei elamite Lagamar. Totuşi, nici un rege elamit cu numele de Kudur-Lagamar nu este cunoscut până acum din izvoarele nebiblice.

Tideal, împăratul Goiimului. Acest nume a fost purtat de mai mulţi împăraţi hetiţi, sub forma de Tudhalia, însă este incert dacă acest rege special apare în vreun raport în afară de al Bibliei. Deşi este imposibil de a se identifica cu certitudine cei patru regi, apariţia numelor lor în epoca în care a trăit Avram dovedeşte în mod clar că raportul din cap. 14 este istoric, nu legendar.


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Special note for ANDROID SmartPhones
I recommend to download PhoneMe emulator for Android from here. Especially I recommend phoneME Advanced - Foundation Profile + MIDP High Resolution b168 rev20547 from here, or from here.

Then you have to build your application, to transfer the .jar and .jad files on your mobile phone and run using this nice emulator.

1. Install a Zip Utility from Android Market.

2. Install a File Manager from Android Market.

3. Download and install PhoneMe, as mentioned above.

4. Build your application by using Download Multilingual Service or Dynamic Download (zip).

5. Copy the zip file into your Android Phone and unzip the content in a folder, and then write down the path to the unzipped files and the name of the .jad file.

6. Launch PhoneMe from your smartphone.

7. Inside PhoneMe, write to the main window the path and the name to the .jad file, above mentioned. Will look something like: file:///mnt/sd/download/BiblePhone.jad and then press enter.

8. The application will be installed, and next a hyperlink will be available below the above mentioned textbox. On this way you can install as many of MIDP application you like on your Android Phone.


How to install the application in Java Mobile enabled phones

It is possible now to have the Holy Scriptures on your mobile phone and to read it wherever you are due to the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) technology in 1.0 and 2.0 versions, developed for Java applications.

A good advice is to try in the beginning the MIDP 1.0 / 128 Kbytes version, and progressively to advance to MIDP 2.0 and larger volumes (512 Kbytes or more).

The application is available for MIDP 2.0, MIDP 1.0. You have only to select one table on the field MIDP2.0 or MIDP1.0, according to the desired Bible version. Then, you shall make a click on the JAR (Java Archive) file in order to obtain the software to be installed on your mobile phone.

I recommend you to start with STARTER(MIDP1.0old) edition, then to continue with INTERMEDIATE(MIDP1.0), and in the end, if the mobile phone supports this thing, to try to install the ADVANCED (MIDP2.0) edition. Also, start with 128 kbytes volumes, continue with 512 kbytes, and at the end try the version in one file.

There are cases where the mobile phone requires so called JAD (Java Descriptor) files. These JAD files has to be uploaded, on this case, together with the desired JAR files(s).

There are different methods to download the applications in your mobile phone as follows:
1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone
3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone
4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
5. If none from the above cases are valid

Next, we shall examine each case in order to have a successfully installation of the software.


1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
 

If your have Internet access on your mobile phone (e.g. WAP or GPRS), it is enough to access https://biblephone.intercer.net/wap/  from the browser of the mobile phone, and to access the desired Bible version, and then to make an option about MIDP1.0 or MIDP2.0, and finally to select the desired module (e.g. one or more). After the last selection, the desired version will be downloaded on your mobile phone.

Many phones have only this option for installing JAVA appplications.

2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone

Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile phones.

If you don't have access to Internet directly from your mobile phone, then you shall have to pass to this step requiring to have infrared ports on your mobile phone and on the computer.
a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have to activate the infrared port on the mobile phone and align it with the infrared port of the computer (preferable laptop).

c. Then a window will appear asking what file you want to send to the mobile phone. Next, you will select the downloaded JAR file, and after OK, the mobile phone will ask you if you want to load that file. You say YES and the application will be downloaded on your mobile phone.
d. Probably, you will be asked by the mobile phone where you want to save it (e.g. on the games or applications directories). After you made this selection, the file will be ready to be loaded for run.
The displaying preference can be set inside the application in order to have larger fonts, full screen display etc.

3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone

Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile phones.
This situation is similar with the infrared case. You have only to activate Bluetooth access on your mobile phone (check if exists) and on the computer (check if exists).

4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile phones.
On this case the steps are as follows:

a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have to set up the wired connection between the mobile phone and the computer. Next, you will start the synchronization / data transfer application and download the JAR file in your mobile phone. Surely, you will have to consult the CD of your mobile phone.
c. By this application you shall transfer into your mobile phone the JAR file in the games or applications directories. Next, you will have to select for run the JAR desired file.

5. If none from the above cases are valid
On this unhappy case, I recommend you to find a friend with a laptop having infrared / Bluetooth capabilities, or to buy a data link cable, or to change your current model of mobile phone.
Unfortunately, some models of mobile phones require only WAP/GPRS in order to download and run Java applications.


Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile phones. Therefore check the documentation of them and also the page for specific models.

Why so many versions? Simple, because not all the mobile phones support the Bible in one file with MIDP 2.0 (the most advanced for the time being).

Multilingual Online Ebooks

It is possible now to have the inspirational ebooks on your browser and to read it allowing you to make comparisons between different translations or versions for a specific language. This occasion is unique, and you have only to browse to the desired author and book.


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Source: Text from read this link, compiled by biblephone2008@gmail.com





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