Printable ModeExod 1:11
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1:11 Şi au pus peste ei isprăvnicei, ca să-i asuprească prin munci grele. Astfel a zidit el cetăţile Pitom şi Ramses, ca să slujească de hambare lui Faraon. Isprăvnicei. Literal, ,,supraveghetori de muncă (forţată şi neplătită)”. Faraon a sperat că un tratament de asuprire va frânge tăria fizică a izraeliţilor şi va întârzia remarcabila lor creştere în număr. El se aştepta la mai mult, să zdrobească spiritul lor de independenţă şi respect de sine. În cele din urmă, el va fi în stare să-şi ducă la îndeplinire vastele lui planuri de construcţie fără să pună vreo sarcină pe poporul său. Cetăţile hambare. Deoarece ţinutul Goşen era situat în delta estică, Faraon i-a pus pe izraeliţi să lucreze la temple şi alte construcţii guvernamentale pe malul de răsărit al regiunii. În vremurile vechi, bogăţia naţională era adesea înmagazinată în temple, presupuse a fi sub ocrotirea zeilor. Pitom. Acest nume este explicat ca redarea ebraică a egipteanului Per-Atum, ,,Casa (soarelui-zeu) Atum”. Unii cercetători l-au identificat cu actualul Tell el-Maskhuta din Wadi Tumilat, vreo 20 de mile vest de Lacul Timsah, în regiunea estică a Deltei, unde în 1833 Naville a descoperit mari magazii pentru cereale. Aflând că această cetate fusese clădită de Ramses II, la care se pare că se referă numele celei de-a doua, Naville a crezut că el este Faraonul asupririi. În privinţa aceasta Naville a avut mulţi urmaşi. Alţii au identificat pe Tell el-Maskhuta cu Sucot-ul biblic (cap.12,37), de unde izraeliţii au plecat din Egipt, având în vedere că inscripţiile descoperă că numele egiptean al locului fusese Tjeku. Totuşi, până nu apare la lumină o dovadă mai hotărâtă, aşezarea Pitom-ului rămâne nesigură. Şi Ramses. Această cetate a fost identificată de Flinders Petric cu Tell el-Retabeth din Wadi Tumilat, 8 mile spre vest de Tell el-Maskhuta. Alţi cercetători ar identifica, totuşi, pe ,,Ramses” cu Tanis, Ţoan-ul biblic (Numeri 13,22), numit mai înainte Avaris, capitala hicsoşilor. Mult timp după alungarea lor din Egipt, Ramses II l-a mărit şi înfrumuseţat, şi l-a numit după numele lui. Totuşi Ramses II nu se poate să fie Faraonul asupririi. Cronologia biblică de la Exod la monarhia lui Israel cere cel puţin secolul al XV-lea pentru Exod (vezi 1 Regi 6,1), care de aceea a avut loc cu două secole mai devreme decât domnia lui Ramses II. Numele cetăţii, hambar, numită aici ,,Ramses” trebuie să fie înţeles ca modernizarea unui vechi nume. O altă ilustrare a acestei practici se întâlneşte în Geneza 47,11, unde ţinutul Goşen este numit ,,Ţinutul lui Ramses”. Nimeni nu va susţine că intrarea lui Iacov în Egipt a avut loc sub domnia lui Ramses II; de aceea, vechiul nume al regiunii numită ,,Ramses” în Geneza 47,11 pare să fi căzut în favoarea unuia mai modern (vezi comentariul pentru Geneza 47,11). Vechea cetate Laiş (Iosua 19,47), de asemenea este numită Dan în Geneza 14,14 (vezi comentariul pentru acest text), cu toate că ea a primit acest nume la multe secole după ce muriseră atât Avraam cât şi Moise. Cea mai rezonabilă explicaţie pentru aceste texte şi altele în care numele moderne de cetăţi sunt aplicate în naraţiune la timpuri mai timpurii este a se presupune că copişti de mai târziu au schimbat vechile nume ieşite din uz cu altele mai moderne, în încercarea de a lămuri naraţiunile pentru generaţiile următoare. |
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Special note for ANDROID SmartPhones
I recommend to download PhoneMe emulator for Android from here.
Especially I recommend phoneME Advanced - Foundation Profile + MIDP High Resolution b168 rev20547 from here, or from here.
Then you have to build your application, to transfer the .jar and .jad files on your mobile phone and run using this nice emulator.
1. Install a Zip Utility from Android Market.
2. Install a File Manager from Android Market.
3. Download and install PhoneMe, as mentioned above.
4. Build your application by using Download Multilingual Service or Dynamic Download (zip).
5. Copy the zip file into your Android Phone and unzip the content in a folder, and then write down the path to the unzipped files and the name of the .jad file.
6. Launch PhoneMe from your smartphone.
7. Inside PhoneMe, write to the main window the path and the name to the .jad file, above mentioned. Will look something like: file:///mnt/sd/download/BiblePhone.jad and then press enter.
8. The application will be installed, and next a hyperlink will be available below the above mentioned textbox. On this way you can install as many of MIDP application you like on your Android Phone.
How to install the application in Java Mobile enabled phones
It is possible now to have the Holy Scriptures on your mobile phone and to read
it wherever you are due to the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP)
technology in 1.0 and 2.0 versions, developed for Java applications.
A good advice is to try in the beginning the MIDP 1.0 / 128 Kbytes version, and
progressively to advance to MIDP 2.0 and larger volumes (512 Kbytes or more).
The application is available for MIDP 2.0, MIDP 1.0. You have only to select one
table on the field MIDP2.0 or MIDP1.0, according to the desired Bible version.
Then, you shall make a click on the JAR (Java Archive) file in order to obtain
the software to be installed on your mobile phone.
I recommend you to start with STARTER(MIDP1.0old) edition, then to continue with
INTERMEDIATE(MIDP1.0), and in the end, if the mobile phone supports this thing,
to try to install the ADVANCED (MIDP2.0) edition. Also, start with 128 kbytes
volumes, continue with 512 kbytes, and at the end try the version in one file.
There are cases where the mobile phone requires so called JAD (Java Descriptor)
files. These JAD files has to be
uploaded, on this case, together with the desired JAR files(s).
There are different methods to download the applications in your mobile phone as
follows:
1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone
3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone
4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
5. If none from the above cases are valid
Next, we shall examine each case in order to have a successfully installation of
the software.
1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
If your have Internet access on your mobile phone (e.g. WAP or GPRS), it is
enough to access
https://biblephone.intercer.net/wap/ from the browser of the mobile phone,
and to access the desired Bible version, and then to make an option about
MIDP1.0 or MIDP2.0, and finally to select the desired module (e.g. one or more).
After the last selection, the desired version will be downloaded on your mobile
phone.
Many phones have only this option for installing JAVA appplications.
2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones.
If you don't have access to Internet directly from your mobile phone, then you
shall have to pass to this step requiring to have infrared ports on your mobile
phone and on the computer.
a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from
the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have
to activate the infrared port on the mobile phone and align it with the infrared
port of the computer (preferable laptop).
c. Then a window will appear asking what file you want to send to the mobile
phone. Next, you will select the downloaded JAR file, and after OK, the mobile
phone will ask you if you want to load that file. You say YES and the
application will be downloaded on your mobile phone.
d. Probably, you will be asked by the mobile phone where you want to save it (e.g.
on the games or applications directories). After you made this selection, the
file will be ready to be loaded for run.
The displaying preference can be set inside the application in order to have
larger fonts, full screen display etc.
3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones.
This situation is similar with the infrared case. You have only to activate
Bluetooth access on your mobile phone (check if exists) and on the computer (check
if exists).
4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific
mobile phones.
On this case the steps are as follows:
a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from
the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have
to set up the wired connection between the mobile phone and the computer. Next,
you will start the synchronization / data transfer application and download the
JAR file in your mobile phone. Surely, you will have to consult the CD of your
mobile phone.
c. By this application you shall transfer into your mobile phone the JAR file in
the games or applications directories. Next, you will have to select for run the
JAR desired file.
5. If none from the above cases are valid
On this unhappy case, I recommend you to find a friend with a laptop having
infrared / Bluetooth capabilities, or to buy a data link cable, or to change
your current model of mobile phone.
Unfortunately, some models of mobile phones require only WAP/GPRS in order to
download and run Java applications.
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones. Therefore check the documentation of them and also the page for specific
models.
Why so many versions? Simple, because not all the mobile phones support the
Bible in one file with MIDP 2.0 (the most advanced for the time being).
Multilingual Online Ebooks
It is possible now to have the inspirational ebooks on your browser and to read it allowing you to make comparisons between different translations or versions for a specific language. This occasion is unique, and you have only to browse to the desired author and book.
Select another version: