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Luca 3:1


3:1 In anul al cincisprezecelea al domniei lui Tiberiu Cezar, pe cand Pilat din Pont era dregator in Iudea, Irod, carmuitor al Galileii, Filip, fratele lui, carmuitor al Ituriei si al Trahonitei, Lisania, carmuitor al Abilenei,

Anul al cincisprezecelea. [Lucrarea lui Ioan Botezatorul, Luca 3,1-18 = Matei 3,1-12 =Marcu 1,1-8. Comentariu major: Matei si Luca. Vezi diagrama 3, p. 228.]. In vremurile vechi era obiceiul uzual de a data evenimentele dupa anii de domnie ai regelui domnitor sau dupa numele slujbasilor sub care au avut loc evenimentele. Nu exista cronologie universala comparabila in vreun fel cu ceea ce folosim noi azi. Desi, in unele privinte, cele sase puncte de insemnatate istorica pe care le da Luca aici prezinta astazi cercetatorilor Bibliei o problema cronologica, ei marcheaza fara de greseala pe Luca drept istoric care a depus multe osteneli pentru a fi temeinic si exact (vezi la cap. 1,1-4) si in felul acesta marturisesc despre credibilitatea a naratiunii sale evanghelice. Dificultatea cronologica principala prezentata aici se gaseste in corelarea celui de ,,al cincisprezecelea an al domniei lui Tiberiu Cezar” cu alte date cronologice disponibile cu privire la datarea vietii lui Hristos si a erei crestine. Pentru o tratare a acestei probleme vezi p. 243-247.

Desi Luca se considera in general ca descinzand din Neamuri, se pare ca aici foloseste forma calcularii cronologice obisnuite atunci pentru iudei. Pe temeiul unui an din toamna in toamna si al sistemului fara anul de urcare la tron pentru calcularea anilor de domnie (vezi vol. II, p. 136-139), cel dintai an al domniei lui Tiberiu ar fi considerat ca s-a sfarsit in toamna anului 14 d.Hr. In acord cu aceasta cel ,,de-al cincisprezecelea” an al lui ar incepe in toamna anului 27 d.Hr. si ar continua pana in toamna anului 28 d.Hr. Potrivit cu DA 233, botezul lui Isus a avut loc in toamna anului 27 d.Hr. si, astfel, foarte timpuriu in cursul anului ,,al cincisprezecelea” al lui Tiberiu.

Un alt proces prin care unii au cautat sa determine inceputul lucrarii lui Hristos este bazat pe Ioan 2,13.20, care plaseaza cel dintai Paste al lucrarii Lui publice in anul al 46-lea al Templului. Pentru o tratare a acestei probleme vezi p. 242, 243. Cu privire la expresia ,,ca de treizeci de ani” vezi la Luca 3,23.

Tiberiu. Vezi p. 246. Cu exceptia mentionarii lui Augustus in cap. 2,1, referirile la ,,Cezar” in Evanghelii se aplica la Tiberiu Cezar. Tiberiu era vestit pentru campaniile militare de succes avute inainte de numirea lui ca guvernator militar al provinciilor, fiind aclamat ca ,,primul ostean al imperiului”. Era cunoscut pentru disciplina stricta, indulgenta in supunerea la biruri si economie rigida a administratiei. El a incurajat comertul si comunicatiile. Lacului Galileea i s-a dat numele nou de Lacul Tiberiadei (Ioan 6,1; etc) in cinstea lui. Vezi diagramele 3,11, p. 228, 234.

Pilat din Pont. Al cincilea in seria procuratorilor numiti de Roma dupa demiterea si exilarea lui Arhelau in anul 6 d.Hr. (vezi la Matei 2,22). Pilat a urmat lui Valerius Gratus c. anul 26 d.Hr. si a fost rechemat de Tiberiu c. anul 36, pentru rea administratie in serviciu. Vezi p. 66, 67; vezi diagramele 3, 11, p. 228, 234.

Dregator. Un ,,guvernator” sau procurator era un administrator de rang ecvestru, numit de imparat ca ,,guvernator” al unei subdivizii a unei provincii. In timpul acesta Iudea era o subdiviziune a provinciei romane Siria. Vezi p. 66; vezi la Matei 27,2.

Irod. Adica, Irod Antipa (vezi la Matei 2,22), numit de tatal sau, Irod cel Mare ca tetrarh al Galileii si al Pereii. Numirea a fost ulterior confirmata de Augustus. Mama lui era samariteana. Acesta a fost acel Irod care s-a casatorit cu nepoata sa Irodiada, sotia fratelui sau vitreg (vezi diagrama p. 40), o unire la care iudeii obiectau si pentru care Antipa a fost mustrat de Ioan Botezatorul (Luca 3,19.20). Isus l-a caracterizat pe buna dreptate ca ,,vulpea aceea” (cap. 13,31.32) si s-a referit la reaua lui influenta ca fiind ,,aluatul lui Irod” (Marcu 8,15). Lui Irod Antipa i-a fost trimis Isus de catre Pilat in cursul judecatii Lui (Luca 23,7-15). Numele Antipa este o prescurtare a lui Antipater, numele purtat de bunicul lui. Desi numai tetrarh, el a domnit de fapt ca un rege dupa moartea tatalui sau, Irod cel Mare, pana a fost demis cam in anul 39 d.Hr. (Iosif, Antichitati, xvii, 11.4; Razboi, ii.6.3 [94,95]). Se pare ca i s-a permis titlul de curtoazie de rege (Marcu 6,14). Vezi p. 64,65; diagramele 3, 11, p. 228, 234; vezi harta din fata p. 321.

Carmuitor al Galileii. [,,Tetrarh al Galileii”, KJV]. Pe monedele sale Antipa se refera la sine prin titlul de ,,tetrarh”. La inceput ,,un tetrarh” era strict guvernatorul unei patrimi de provincie, mai tarziu al unei subdiviziuni de provincie. In cele din urma era folosit pentru orice carmuitor mai mic in rang decat un rege.

Filip. Irod Filip, fiu al lui Irod cel Mare (vezi diagrama de la p. 40) si probabil cel mai cinstit si mai chibzuit dintre toti fii lui Irod cel Mare ( Iosif, Antichitati, xviii. 4.6). S-a casatorit cu Salomea, fiica Irodiadei si a lui Irod Filip I, nu la mult timp dupa incidentul din Marcu 6,22-25 (Iosif, Antichitati xviii. 5.4). Filip a fost cel dintai dintre Irozi care a imprimat chipurile lui Augustus si Tiberiu pe monedele sale. Lucrul acesta a fost considerat de iudei idolatrie, dar din fericire pentru Filip, supusii sai erau aproape in exclusivitate pagani. El a recladit Cezarea lui Filip la poalele Muntelui Hermon, numind-o astfel in cinstea lui Tiberiu Cesar si a sa (Iosif, Antichitati, xviii.2.1; Razboi, ii.9.1 [168]). A rezidit Betsaida Iulia, careia i-a dat numele acesta in cinstea fiicei lui Augustus. Cetatea aceasta din urma, situata in nordul Lacului Galileea, era orasul lui Petru, Andrei si Filip (vezi Ioan1,44; 12,21). Filip a domnit 37 de ani, din anul 4. d.Hr. pana in anul 34 d.Hr. Vezi diagramele 3,11, p. 228,234.

Ituriei. O regiune la nord-est de Lacul Galileea si la est de Cezarea lui Filip. Unii au crezut ca numele este derivat de la Ietur, un fiu al lui Ismael (vezi Geneza 25,15). Vezi harta din fata p. 231.

Trahonitei. O regiune care se gaseste in general la est de Iturea. Numele este evident derivat de la gr. trachus, insemnand o zona ,,accidentata” sau ,,pietroasa” care descrie regiunea aceasta. Ostasi ei sunt vestiti ca au fost arcasi iscusiti.

Lisania. Criticii Bibliei au aratat multa vreme mentionarea din partea lui Luca a lui ,,Lisania, carmuitor al Abilenei” ca o grosolana greseala cronologica. Ei noteaza ca singurul carmuitor cu numele acesta in vecinatatea desemnata a fost un fiu al lui Ptolemeu, un rege (nu un tetrarh) a carui capitala era Chalcis in Coele-Siria, nu in Abilene si care a domnit de la 40-36 i.Hr. Desi trebuie sa se admita ca nu exista nici o confirmare specifica a afirmatiei lui Luca, cateva referiri indirecte la un Lisania, care corespund lui Lisania din Luca si nu fiului lui Ptolemeu, sunt puternic in favoarea lui Luca. Iosif se refera la ,,Abila a lui Lisania” (Antichitati, xix.5.1) si la tetrarhia lui Lisania (Antichitati, xx.7.1; Razboi ii. 11.5 [215]; 12,8 [247]). S-a gasit o medalie desemnand pe un anumit Lisania ca ,,tetrarh si mare preot”. O inscriptie dovedeste ca intaiul Lisania, fiul lui Ptolemeu, a lasat copii pe urma sa, dintre care unul s-ar fi putut sa fie Lisania pe care-l pomeneste Luca. O alta inscriptie de pe vremea lui Tiberiu vorbeste despre un ,,tetrarh Lisania”. Comentand asupra presupusei erori a lui Luca, The International Critical Commentary observa ca ,,o astfel de greseala este foarte improbabila si unica dificultate cu privire la afirmatia lui Luca este ca nu avem o dovada de necontestat despre acest tetrarh Lisania”.

Abilenei. Un district intre Damasc si Muntii Anti-Libani.


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Special note for ANDROID SmartPhones
I recommend to download PhoneMe emulator for Android from here. Especially I recommend phoneME Advanced - Foundation Profile + MIDP High Resolution b168 rev20547 from here, or from here.

Then you have to build your application, to transfer the .jar and .jad files on your mobile phone and run using this nice emulator.

1. Install a Zip Utility from Android Market.

2. Install a File Manager from Android Market.

3. Download and install PhoneMe, as mentioned above.

4. Build your application by using Download Multilingual Service or Dynamic Download (zip).

5. Copy the zip file into your Android Phone and unzip the content in a folder, and then write down the path to the unzipped files and the name of the .jad file.

6. Launch PhoneMe from your smartphone.

7. Inside PhoneMe, write to the main window the path and the name to the .jad file, above mentioned. Will look something like: file:///mnt/sd/download/BiblePhone.jad and then press enter.

8. The application will be installed, and next a hyperlink will be available below the above mentioned textbox. On this way you can install as many of MIDP application you like on your Android Phone.


How to install the application in Java Mobile enabled phones

It is possible now to have the Holy Scriptures on your mobile phone and to read it wherever you are due to the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) technology in 1.0 and 2.0 versions, developed for Java applications.

A good advice is to try in the beginning the MIDP 1.0 / 128 Kbytes version, and progressively to advance to MIDP 2.0 and larger volumes (512 Kbytes or more).

The application is available for MIDP 2.0, MIDP 1.0. You have only to select one table on the field MIDP2.0 or MIDP1.0, according to the desired Bible version. Then, you shall make a click on the JAR (Java Archive) file in order to obtain the software to be installed on your mobile phone.

I recommend you to start with STARTER(MIDP1.0old) edition, then to continue with INTERMEDIATE(MIDP1.0), and in the end, if the mobile phone supports this thing, to try to install the ADVANCED (MIDP2.0) edition. Also, start with 128 kbytes volumes, continue with 512 kbytes, and at the end try the version in one file.

There are cases where the mobile phone requires so called JAD (Java Descriptor) files. These JAD files has to be uploaded, on this case, together with the desired JAR files(s).

There are different methods to download the applications in your mobile phone as follows:
1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone
3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone
4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
5. If none from the above cases are valid

Next, we shall examine each case in order to have a successfully installation of the software.


1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
 

If your have Internet access on your mobile phone (e.g. WAP or GPRS), it is enough to access https://biblephone.intercer.net/wap/  from the browser of the mobile phone, and to access the desired Bible version, and then to make an option about MIDP1.0 or MIDP2.0, and finally to select the desired module (e.g. one or more). After the last selection, the desired version will be downloaded on your mobile phone.

Many phones have only this option for installing JAVA appplications.

2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone

Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile phones.

If you don't have access to Internet directly from your mobile phone, then you shall have to pass to this step requiring to have infrared ports on your mobile phone and on the computer.
a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have to activate the infrared port on the mobile phone and align it with the infrared port of the computer (preferable laptop).

c. Then a window will appear asking what file you want to send to the mobile phone. Next, you will select the downloaded JAR file, and after OK, the mobile phone will ask you if you want to load that file. You say YES and the application will be downloaded on your mobile phone.
d. Probably, you will be asked by the mobile phone where you want to save it (e.g. on the games or applications directories). After you made this selection, the file will be ready to be loaded for run.
The displaying preference can be set inside the application in order to have larger fonts, full screen display etc.

3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone

Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile phones.
This situation is similar with the infrared case. You have only to activate Bluetooth access on your mobile phone (check if exists) and on the computer (check if exists).

4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile phones.
On this case the steps are as follows:

a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have to set up the wired connection between the mobile phone and the computer. Next, you will start the synchronization / data transfer application and download the JAR file in your mobile phone. Surely, you will have to consult the CD of your mobile phone.
c. By this application you shall transfer into your mobile phone the JAR file in the games or applications directories. Next, you will have to select for run the JAR desired file.

5. If none from the above cases are valid
On this unhappy case, I recommend you to find a friend with a laptop having infrared / Bluetooth capabilities, or to buy a data link cable, or to change your current model of mobile phone.
Unfortunately, some models of mobile phones require only WAP/GPRS in order to download and run Java applications.


Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile phones. Therefore check the documentation of them and also the page for specific models.

Why so many versions? Simple, because not all the mobile phones support the Bible in one file with MIDP 2.0 (the most advanced for the time being).

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Source: Text from read this link, compiled by biblephone2008@gmail.com





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