Printable ModeDaniel 7:8
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7:8 M-am uitat cu bagare de seama la coarne, si iata ca un alt corn mic a iesit din mijlocul lor, si dinaintea acestui corn au fost smulse trei din cele dintai coarne. Si cornul acesta avea niste ochi ca ochii de om, si o gura, care vorbea cu trufie. Un alt corn mic. Mai bine, ,,un alt corn, un corn mic”. Desi initial mic, acest corn mic este descris mai tarziu ca fiind ,,deosebit de cele dintai”, literal ,,mai mare decat tovarasii lui”. Se va vedea ca aceasta a fost continuarea puterii romane in Biserica Romana. ,,Din ruinele Romei politice, s-a ridicat marele Imperiu moral sub ,,forma uriasa” a Bisericii Romane” (A. C. Flick, Ridicarea Bisericii Medievale (1900), p. 150). Vezi mai departe comentariul laversetele 24, 25. ,,Sub stapanirea Imperiului Roman papii nu aveau putere temporala. Dar dupa ce Imperiul Roman s-a dezintegrat si locul lui a fost luat de o serie de regate primitive, barbare, Biserica Romano-Catolica nu numai ca a devenit independenta de stat in treburile religioase, dar a dominat si in treburile civile. Uneori, sub domnitori de felul lui Carol cel Mare (768-814), Otto cel Mare (936973), si Henric III (1039-1056), puterea civila a controlat biserica intr-o oarecare masura; dar in general, sub sistemul politic slab al feudalismului, biserica bine organizata, unificata si centralizata, avandu-l pe papa in fruntea ei, nu a fost numai independenta in cele eclesiastice, dar a controlat si treburile civile” (Carl Conrad Eckhardt, Papalitatea si Treburile Civile (1937), p. 1. Dinaintea. Aramaic godam, un cuvant care apare deseori in Daniel, insemnand ,,inainte din punct de vedere temporal”, sau ,,in prezenta lui”. Cuvintele ,,dinaintea acestuia” pot fi interpretate ca insemnand ,,a-i face loc acestuia”. Trei din cele dintai coarne. ,,Cornul cel mic” este un simbol al Romei papale. De aceea smulgerea a trei corne simbolizeaza doborarea a trei natiuni barbare. Printre principalele piedici care stateau in calea ridicarii Romei papale la puterea politica erau herulii, vandalii si ostrogotii. Toti trei erau sustinatori ai arianismului, care era rivalul cel mai puternic al catolicismului. Herulii au fost cel dintai dintre triburile barbare care sa domine asupra Romei. Ei au fost trupe germane auxiliare in Roma, care s-au revoltat si in anul 476 l-au detronat pe copilul Romului Augustulus, ultimul imparat al Apusului. In fruntea herulilor si a altor trupe de mercenari era Odovacar (Odoacru) care s-a facut imparat al Romei. Odovacar, un arian, desi tolerant fata de catolici, era urat de italieni. La sugestia imparatului Zeno al Imperiului de Rasarit, Theodoric, capetenia Ostrogotilor, a invadat ulterior Italia. El a sosit acolo in anul 489, iar la 493 a obtinut supunerea lui Odovacar si curand dupa aceea l-a ucis (vezi Thomas Hodgkin, Italia si Invadatorii ei, Vol. III, p. 180-213). In ce priveste pozitia Bisericii Romane, sosirea lui Theodoric n-a insemnat nici o schimbare in bine, ci numai o schimbare de domni. Theodoric a fost un tot asa de tare domnitor arian pe tronul Italiei ca si predecesorul sau. Desi a acordat toleranta religioasa diferitelor culte din imparatia sa, inalta ambitie a pontifului roman nu putea reusi sub un sistem care acorda numai toleranta. Intre timp vandalii condusi de Gaiseric (Genseric), se asezasera in Africa de Nord, dupa ce cucerisera Cartagina in anul 439. Fiind arieni fanatici si razboinici ei constituiau o amenintare pentru suprematia Bisericii Catolice in Apus. Ei erau deosebit de intoleranti fata de catolici pe care-i numeau eretici. Pentru a sprijini cauza catolicilor din Apus imparatul Iustinian, care domnea in jumatatea rasariteana a Imperiului Roman la Constantinopol, l-a trimes pe Belisarius, cel mai capabil general al lui. Belisarius i-a infrant deplin pe vandali in 534. Victoria i-a lasat pe ostrogoti in Italia ca fiind singura putere supravietuitoare ariana de oarecare tarie, care sa impiedice hegemonia papalitatii in Apus (vezi Hodgkin, op.cit., Vol. 3, cap. 15). Maturandu-i pe vandali, Belisarius si-a inceput in 534 campania impotriva ostrogotilor in Italia. Desi aceasta campanie a continuat douazeci de ani inainte ca armatele imperiale sa iasa pe deplin victorioase (vezi Hodgkin, op.cit., Vol. 5, p. 3-66), actiunea decisiva s-a petrecut chiar la inceputurile campaniei. Ostrogotii, care fusesera alungati din Roma, s-au inapoiat si au inceput asedierea ei in 537. Asediul a durat un an intreg, dar in anul 538 Iustinian a debarcat o alta ostire in Italia, iar in martie, ostrogotii au abandonat asediul (vezi Hodgkin, op. cit., Vol. 4, p. 73-113, 210-252; Charles Dichl, ,,Justinian”, in Istoria Medievala de Cambridge, vol. 2, p.15). Este adevarat ca ei au reintrat in cetate pentru un foarte scurt timp in anul 540, dar ramanerea lor acolo a fost de scurta durata. Retragerea lor din Roma in anul 538 a marcat sfarsitul real al puterii ostrogote, desi nu si al natiunii ostrogote. In felul acesta a fost ,,smuls” al treilea din cele trei coarne care au stat in calea cornului celui mic. Iustinian este notoriu nu numai pentru succesul in ce priveste unirea temporara a Italiei si a partii apusene cu jumatatea rasariteana a Imperiului Roman, ci si pentru adunarea si organizarea legilor existente pe atunci ale imperiului, incluzand a noilor sale edicte personale, intr-un cod unificat. Acest cod imperial cuprindea si doua scrisori oficiale ale lui Iustinian, care aveau toata forta edictelor imperiale, in care el il confirma legal pe episcopul de Roma in pozitia de ,,cap al tuturor sfintelor biserici” si ,,capetenie a tuturor sfintilor preoti ai lui Dumnezeu” (Codul lui Iustinian, cartea 1, titlul 1). In ultima scrisoare el mai lauda si actiunile papei in calitate de corector al ereticilor. Desi aceasta recunoastere legala a suprematiei eclesiastice a papei avea loc in 533, este evident ca edictul imperial nu putea intra in vigoare pentru papa atata vreme cat regatul arian ostrogot domina Roma si cea mai mare parte a Italiei. Abia dupa ce puterea gotilor a fost zdrobita papalitatea a putut fi libera sa-si dezvolte pe deplin puterea. In anul 538, pentru prima data de la sfarsitul vechii carmuiri imperiale de apus, Roma a fost eliberata de dominatia unui regat arian. In anul acela regatul ostrogot a primit lovitura de moarte (cu toate ca ostrogotii au mai supravietuit cativa ani ca popor). Acesta este motivul pentru care anul 538 este o data mai plina de insemnatate decat 533. In concluzie: 1) Papa ajunsese sa fie recunoscut in general (desi in nici un caz universul) ca episcop suprem in bisericile din Apus, si exercitase o influenta politica considerabila, din timp in timp, sub patronajul imparatilor apuseni. 2) In anul 533 Iustinian a recunoscut suprematia eclesiastica a papei in calitate de ,,capetenie a tuturor sfintelor biserici” atat din Rasarit cat si din Apus, iar aceasta recunoastere legala a fost incorporata in codul de legi imperial (534). 3) In anul 538 papalitatea a fost efectiv eliberata de dominatia regatelor ariene care au urmat imparatilor apuseni la conducerea Romei si a Italiei. De la data aceea papalitatea a putut sa-si sporeasca puterea eclesiastica. Celelalte regate au devenit catolice, unul cate unul, iar intrucat departatii imparati rasariteni nu si-au pastrat stapanirea asupra Italiei, in imprejurarile tulburi care au urmat papa s-a ridicat adesea ca figura conducatoare din apus. Papalitatea a obtinut stapanirea teritoriala si in cele din urma a ajuns la apogeul dominatiei politice ca si religioase in Europa (vezi Nota Aditionala de la finele acestui capitol). Cu toate ca dominatia aceasta a venit mult mai tarziu, punctul hotarator poate fi gasit pe timpul lui Iustinian. Unii considera semnificativ faptul ca Vigilius, papa care a detinut slujba in 538, il inlocuise, cu un an mai inainte pe un papa care fusese sub influenta gotica. Noul papa isi datora slujba imparatesei Theodora, si era privit de Iustinian ca mijlocul de a uni toate bisericile, din Rasarit si Apus, sub propria sa dominanta imperiala. S-a aratat ca, incepand cu Vigilius, papii au devenit din ce in ce mai mult si oameni de stat pe langa oameni ai bisericii, iar adesea au devenit chiar conducatori de stat (Charles Bemont si G. Monod, Europa Medievala, p. 121). Cornul acesta. Impreuna cu cele zece coarne care reprezinta starea divizata a Imperiului Roman dupa prabusirea sa (vezi comentariul la v. 7), cornul cel mic trebuia sa reprezinte o putere oarecare care apare intre ele si care ia locul unora dintre ele (vezi citatul din cuprinsul comentariului la cap. 8,23). Ochi. De obicei un simbol al inteligentei. In contrast cu barbarii, care erau in cea mai mare parte inculti, puterea reprezentata prin ,,cornul cel mic” era notorie pentru inteligenta ei si puterea ei de pricepere si de prevedere. Vorbea cu trufie. Sau ,,lucruri semete”. Vezi comentariul la v. 25. |
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Special note for ANDROID SmartPhones
I recommend to download PhoneMe emulator for Android from here.
Especially I recommend phoneME Advanced - Foundation Profile + MIDP High Resolution b168 rev20547 from here, or from here.
Then you have to build your application, to transfer the .jar and .jad files on your mobile phone and run using this nice emulator.
1. Install a Zip Utility from Android Market.
2. Install a File Manager from Android Market.
3. Download and install PhoneMe, as mentioned above.
4. Build your application by using Download Multilingual Service or Dynamic Download (zip).
5. Copy the zip file into your Android Phone and unzip the content in a folder, and then write down the path to the unzipped files and the name of the .jad file.
6. Launch PhoneMe from your smartphone.
7. Inside PhoneMe, write to the main window the path and the name to the .jad file, above mentioned. Will look something like: file:///mnt/sd/download/BiblePhone.jad and then press enter.
8. The application will be installed, and next a hyperlink will be available below the above mentioned textbox. On this way you can install as many of MIDP application you like on your Android Phone.
How to install the application in Java Mobile enabled phones
It is possible now to have the Holy Scriptures on your mobile phone and to read
it wherever you are due to the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP)
technology in 1.0 and 2.0 versions, developed for Java applications.
A good advice is to try in the beginning the MIDP 1.0 / 128 Kbytes version, and
progressively to advance to MIDP 2.0 and larger volumes (512 Kbytes or more).
The application is available for MIDP 2.0, MIDP 1.0. You have only to select one
table on the field MIDP2.0 or MIDP1.0, according to the desired Bible version.
Then, you shall make a click on the JAR (Java Archive) file in order to obtain
the software to be installed on your mobile phone.
I recommend you to start with STARTER(MIDP1.0old) edition, then to continue with
INTERMEDIATE(MIDP1.0), and in the end, if the mobile phone supports this thing,
to try to install the ADVANCED (MIDP2.0) edition. Also, start with 128 kbytes
volumes, continue with 512 kbytes, and at the end try the version in one file.
There are cases where the mobile phone requires so called JAD (Java Descriptor)
files. These JAD files has to be
uploaded, on this case, together with the desired JAR files(s).
There are different methods to download the applications in your mobile phone as
follows:
1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone
3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone
4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
5. If none from the above cases are valid
Next, we shall examine each case in order to have a successfully installation of
the software.
1. Directly from Internet by using a WAP or GPRS connection
If your have Internet access on your mobile phone (e.g. WAP or GPRS), it is
enough to access
https://biblephone.intercer.net/wap/ from the browser of the mobile phone,
and to access the desired Bible version, and then to make an option about
MIDP1.0 or MIDP2.0, and finally to select the desired module (e.g. one or more).
After the last selection, the desired version will be downloaded on your mobile
phone.
Many phones have only this option for installing JAVA appplications.
2. By using the infrared port of the mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones.
If you don't have access to Internet directly from your mobile phone, then you
shall have to pass to this step requiring to have infrared ports on your mobile
phone and on the computer.
a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from
the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have
to activate the infrared port on the mobile phone and align it with the infrared
port of the computer (preferable laptop).
c. Then a window will appear asking what file you want to send to the mobile
phone. Next, you will select the downloaded JAR file, and after OK, the mobile
phone will ask you if you want to load that file. You say YES and the
application will be downloaded on your mobile phone.
d. Probably, you will be asked by the mobile phone where you want to save it (e.g.
on the games or applications directories). After you made this selection, the
file will be ready to be loaded for run.
The displaying preference can be set inside the application in order to have
larger fonts, full screen display etc.
3. By wireless Bluetooth access to the mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones.
This situation is similar with the infrared case. You have only to activate
Bluetooth access on your mobile phone (check if exists) and on the computer (check
if exists).
4. By cable link between PC ad mobile phone
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific
mobile phones.
On this case the steps are as follows:
a. On this case, you will download the application by using the computer from
the Internet (i.e. JAR files).
b. Once the application is downloaded (preferable on the desktop) you will have
to set up the wired connection between the mobile phone and the computer. Next,
you will start the synchronization / data transfer application and download the
JAR file in your mobile phone. Surely, you will have to consult the CD of your
mobile phone.
c. By this application you shall transfer into your mobile phone the JAR file in
the games or applications directories. Next, you will have to select for run the
JAR desired file.
5. If none from the above cases are valid
On this unhappy case, I recommend you to find a friend with a laptop having
infrared / Bluetooth capabilities, or to buy a data link cable, or to change
your current model of mobile phone.
Unfortunately, some models of mobile phones require only WAP/GPRS in order to
download and run Java applications.
Sometimes there is a need for a special uploader software for specific mobile
phones. Therefore check the documentation of them and also the page for specific
models.
Why so many versions? Simple, because not all the mobile phones support the
Bible in one file with MIDP 2.0 (the most advanced for the time being).
Multilingual Online Ebooks
It is possible now to have the inspirational ebooks on your browser and to read it allowing you to make comparisons between different translations or versions for a specific language. This occasion is unique, and you have only to browse to the desired author and book.
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